Titanium

Titanium is a versatile chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Discovered in 1791 by William Gregor and named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, titanium is known for its unique properties that make it indispensable in various industries. This transition metal is found in nature as an oxide and is extracted through processes like the Kroll and Hunter methods. Titanium’s most notable characteristics include its corrosion resistance and exceptional strength-to-density ratio, making it a valuable material for aerospace, military, industrial, medical, and consumer applications.

Properties and Uses

Titanium’s strength rivals that of some steels, but it is less dense, making it a preferred choice for alloys used in aerospace components like jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft. Its resistance to corrosion in harsh environments like seawater has led to its use in desalination plants, naval construction, and medical implants. The metal’s biocompatibility allows for applications in surgical procedures such as joint replacements and dental implants. Additionally, titanium dioxide, a common compound of titanium, is widely used as a pigment in paints, plastics, and sunscreens due to its excellent UV-blocking properties.

Extraction and Alloys

The extraction of titanium involves reducing its ores like rutile and ilmenite. The metal can be alloyed with elements such as iron, aluminum, vanadium, and molybdenum to enhance specific properties. Titanium alloys are crucial in industries requiring lightweight yet strong materials like aerospace engineering and medical device manufacturing. These alloys retain the key properties of pure titanium while offering additional benefits like flexibility and malleability.

Applications Across Industries

Titanium’s versatility extends to diverse applications beyond aerospace and medicine. It is utilized in power plant condensers for their corrosion resistance, golf clubs for their strength-to-weight ratio, and even in everyday items like laptops and bicycles. The metal’s ability to bond with bone tissue has revolutionized orthopedic surgeries by providing durable joint replacements. Moreover, its non-toxic nature makes it ideal for various medical implants without the risk of rejection by the body.

In conclusion, titanium stands out as a remarkable element due to its exceptional properties that cater to a wide range of industrial needs. From enhancing the performance of aircraft to improving medical treatments through advanced implants, titanium continues to play a vital role in shaping modern technology and innovation.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium
   Titanium – Wikipedia
   This page provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical element titanium, including its properties, occurrence, production, and uses. It also covers the history of titanium, its alloys, and its compounds.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_(disambiguation)
   Titanium (disambiguation) – Wikipedia
   This page lists various meanings of the term “titanium,” including the chemical element, music, and other uses.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Titanium
   Category:Titanium – Wikipedia
   This page lists various articles related to titanium, including its alloys, compounds, mining, and production.
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloys
   Titanium alloys – Wikipedia
   This page provides an in-depth look at titanium alloys, including their composition, properties, and uses. It also covers the processing and production of titanium alloys, as well as their applications in various industries such as aerospace, medical, and sports equipment.

Titanium (Wikipedia)

For other uses, see Titanium (disambiguation).

Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.

Titanium, ₂₂Ti

Titanium
Pronunciation	/taɪˈteɪniəm/ (ty-TAY-nee-əm) /tɪˈteɪniəm/ (tih-TAY-nee-əm)
Appearance	silvery grey-white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ti)
	47.867±0.001 47.867±0.001 (abridged)
Titanium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ Ti ↓ Zr scandium ← titanium → vanadium
Atomic number (Z)	22
Group	group 4
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phaseat STP	solid
Melting point	1941 K ​(1668 °C, ​3034 °F)
Boiling point	3560 K ​(3287 °C, ​5949 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	4.502 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	4.11 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	14.15 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	425 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.060 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.54
Ionization energies	1st: 658.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol 3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 147 pm
Covalent radius	160±8 pm
Spectral lines of titanium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 295.05 pm c = 468.33 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	9.68×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	21.9 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	420 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+153.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	116 GPa
Shear modulus	44 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	5090 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio	0.32
Mohs hardness	6.0
Vickers hardness	830–3420 MPa
Brinell hardness	716–2770 MPa
CAS Number	7440-32-6
History
Discovery	William Gregor (1791)
First isolation	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825)
Named by	Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795)
Isotopes of titanium v e
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life(t1/2) mode pro­duct 44Ti synth 59.1 y ε 44Sc 46Ti 8.25% stable 47Ti 7.44% stable 48Ti 73.7% stable 49Ti 5.41% stable 50Ti 5.18% stable
Category: Titanium view talk edit | references

Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of minerals, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl₃), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.

Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements. The resulting titanium alloys are strong, lightweight, and versatile, with applications including aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), sporting goods, jewelry, and consumer electronics. Titanium is also considered one of the most biocompatible metals, leading to a range of medical applications including prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental implants, and surgical instruments.

The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but less dense. There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, ⁴⁶Ti through ⁵⁰Ti, with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant (73.8%).